Why do we want to attract bees in our gardens?

Because:

• One-quarter to a third of all food relies on pollinators

• Many plant species cannot set seed and reproduce without pollinators

• Reproducing pure wild nature in your backyard

Our helping hand:

• Increase habitat (provide food & water and shelter)

• Decrease pesticide use

• Change our attitudes

Result: preserve pollinators, prevent extinction.

Signs of poor pollination

• Strawberries shrunken & lumpy

• Cucumbers & zucchinis don’t fill out

• Melon, watermelon, squash & pumpkin flowers fall off, don’t set fruit

• Fewer apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries and apricots on tree

Honey bees are the most common bee…it’s the one we tend to think of when we think of bees.

But there are many more…

• 20,000 species worldwide (7 families)

• 800 species in Canada

• GTA has close to 200 species

• Most are solitary…and non-stinging

Dr. Laurence Packer

York University

Keeping the Bees

Importance of different bee species

• Up to a third of our food supply depends on pollination by domesticated honeybees

• But Colony collapse disorder (CCD) has drastically reduced the honeybee population (approx 50%)

• Wild bees are 5 times more efficient at pollination than honeybees.
(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences UC Davis Aug 2006)

Because of our connection with bees (whether we consciously realize it or not), the rapid collapse of honeybees alarms us. Fifty per cent bee mortality rate isn’t something to sneeze about. At the same time, our own encroachment and destruction of the wilderness threatens wild bee populations.

Causes for CCD:

• lack of good nutrition

• exposure to pesticides

• fungi, viruses

Five main bee families in GTA

• Apidae: honey bees, bumble bees, carpenter bees

• Andrenidae: solitary mining bees

• Halicidae: sweat bees and pearly-banded bees

• Megachilidae: leaf cutter, orchard & mason bee

• Colletidae: cellophane and masked bees

Reference: A Guide to Toronto’s Pollinators

David Suzuki Foundation

Bringing the Buzzzzz to Gardens

The right stuff:

• Sunny
• Shelter from wind
• Water
• Flowers

Why Flowers?

• Feed on nectar (energy) and pollen (protein & other nutrients)

• Most pollen is used as food for larvae

What kind of flowers attract bees?

Avoid horticultural varieties with double petals and/or no scent. There’s either no pollen or nectar (sterile flowers) or the lack of scent doesn’t attract the bees to the flowers in the first place. 

Colour:

Purple & blue flowers

Bees prefer warmer flowers, which tend to be purple flowers

White & yellow flowers

Centers 8 C warmer than ambient air

Aroma:

Flower fragrance ID: 1,700 different compounds from 990 different plants
Natalia Dudareva, biologist, Purdue University

• Anise-scented flowers are the most rewarding. (Hyssop, sweet cicely)
• Minty (bee balm, salvia)
• Sweet/fruity (sweet woodruff, rose, heliotrope, honeysuckle, sweet pea, sweet William, Summersweet (Clethra) shrub )

Shape:

• Open, simple flowers (Especially good for small bees)
• Cup/saucer shaped (Captures the sun’s rays: keeping it toasty warm)

Patterns or lines

 Bees see the patterns or lines like glowing runways

Plant considerations

• Clusters of the same flower (3 to 5) because bees are efficient

• Variety of flowers because different bees feed on different flowers

• Different blooming times so there’s food for bees from spring to fall

Links to bee-attracting flowers!

 Spring flowers

Spring/Summer flowers

Summer flowers

Late Summer/Fall flowers

Why create a bee-free zone?

• Bee allergies

• Young children

• Dining area

• Swimming pool

• Find them a nuisance

“Bee-free” garden:

Shade

No water

Cover swimming pool

 Mop up puddles

Repair any leaking taps.

No birdbaths

No ponds

Bee-free plants

• Double petals (no scent, sterile)

• Wind pollinated

• Red flowers

• Foliage plants

• Grasses & sedges

• Evergreens

Clean up after yourself

• Soft drinks cans attract bees

• Fruit & fruit peels

• Any food if you are eating outside

• Barbecues